Independent oversight body mandated to investigate police misconduct and criminality. Under Robert McBride's leadership (2014-2019), IPID investigated the SAPS Crime Intelligence rogue unit and confirmed corrupt activities. McBride himself was repeatedly targeted — subjected to trumped-up charges, suspended, and had his contract non-renewed. IPID's investigations were critical in exposing the corruption-organised crime nexus that led to Kinnear's murder.