On 28 March 1994, ANC security guards at Shell House opened fire on IFP supporters marching through Johannesburg, killing at least 19 people. Nelson Mandela publicly admitted authorising lethal force. The ANC negotiated a secret indemnity deal with the outgoing NP government, concealed weapons, and senior figures refused to apply for TRC amnesty. An inquest found the shootings were not justified self-defence. In 2005, the High Court ordered the ANC to pay R5.4 million in damages — the only accountability outcome.
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