Emfuleni Local Municipality in Gauteng (Vereeniging, Vanderbijlpark, Sharpeville, Bophelong). Infrastructure collapsed ~2017 with 150 megalitres of raw sewage flowing daily into the Vaal River. Owed Rand Water R4 billion+. Three Section 139 interventions have all failed. SAHRC subpoenaed the municipality in 2025. The most visible environmental catastrophe caused by municipal collapse.
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