On 29 June 2021, the Constitutional Court found Jacob Zuma guilty of contempt of court for refusing to comply with a subpoena to appear before the Zondo Commission. He was sentenced to 15 months' direct imprisonment — the first time a former South African president was jailed. Zuma handed himself over to Estcourt Correctional Centre on 7 July 2021. His imprisonment triggered the July 2021 insurrection (354 deaths, R50 billion damage). On 5 September 2021, Correctional Services Commissioner Arthur Fraser — a Zuma ally — controversially granted him medical parole after serving only 2 months. The SCA later found Fraser's parole decision was unlawful but declined to re-incarcerate Zuma.