In January 2025, the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment imposed a R650 million administrative fine on Emalahleni Local Municipality (formerly Witbank) — the largest environmental fine ever levied against a South African municipality. The fine was for sustained pollution of rivers and wetlands through untreated sewage discharge between 2019 and 2025.
For six years, the municipality's wastewater treatment works failed to treat sewage to legally required standards. Raw and partially treated sewage flowed into the Olifants River system and surrounding wetlands. Multiple compliance notices issued by the Department and the Department of Water and Sanitation were acknowledged but never acted upon. The municipality pleaded lack of funds, yet continued to pay salaries and award contracts.
The environmental damage is extensive. The Olifants River, already one of the most polluted river systems in South Africa due to mining activity, has been further degraded. Wetlands that serve as natural water filters have been contaminated. Downstream communities — particularly those in rural areas who depend on river water — have been exposed to waterborne diseases.
The R650 million fine, while landmark, raises the question of enforcement. The municipality that could not afford to maintain its sewage works almost certainly cannot pay R650 million. Yet the fine establishes a legal precedent: municipalities will be held financially accountable for environmental destruction.