Schedule 3A public entity providing diagnostic pathology services for public health sector. Serves 80%+ of SA population with blood testing, HIV/TB diagnostics, COVID testing, forensic pathology. Established 2001 consolidating provincial health labs. Systematically looted 2014-2020 through executive tender fraud (R4.4B irregular expenditure), COVID PPE fraud (R172M), with R9.7B in contracts escaping audit scrutiny (2025). June 2024 ransomware attack led to disclaimer audit opinion.